Pengertian Teknik Switching

Teknik Switching
Tehnik Switching merupakan cara memperpendek jalur proses yang memakai suatu indikator untuk mengantisipasi proses yang akan dilakukan selanjutnya. Indikator ini dimisalkan seperti switch pada tombol lampu yang dapat mengatur dua kondisi yaitu nyala dan padam.

Dalam flowchart, switch merupakan variabel yang diisi dengan dua kondisi yaitu 0 dan 1. Melalui isi variabel tersebut dapat diketahui kondisi proses yang telah dilakukan. Sehingga dapat dilakukan pengalihan proses tanpa memalui proses sebelumnya atau mempersingkat alur proses

.

Contoh :
Suatu perusahaan akan membuat laporan gaji pegawainya berdasarkan golongannya. Data yang dibaca terdiri dari nomor pegawai, nama pegawai, golongan dan gaji bersih. Data yang dibaca sudah urut per golongan yang terdiri dari : golongan 1, 2, 3,4. Jika golongan berubah maka cetak TOTAL GAJI per golongan dan ganti halaman baru serta NOMOR dimulai dari 1.

Kaidah-kaidah Umum Pembuatan Flowchart

Kaidah-kaidah Umum Pembuatan Flowchart
Dalam pembuatan flowchart tidak ada rumus atau patokan yang bersifat mutlak. Karena flowchart merupakan gambaran hasil pemikiran dalam menganalisa suatu masalah dengan komputer. Sehingga flowchart yang dihasilkan dapat bervariasi antara satu pemrogram dengan yang lainnya. 

Namun secara garis besar setiap pengolahan selalu terdiri dari 3 bagian utama, yaitu:

1. Input,
2. Proses pengolahan dan
3. Output

Untuk pengolahan data dengan komputer, urutan dasar pemecahan suatu masalah:

1. START, berisi instruksi untuk persiapan peralatan yang diperlukan sebelum menangani pemecahan persoalan
2. READ, berisi instruksi kegiatan untuk membaca data dari suatu peralatan input
3. PROSES, berisi kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan pemecahan persoalan sesuai dengan data yang dibaca
4. WRITE, berisi instruksi untuk merekan hasil kegiatan ke peralatan output
5. END, mengakhiri kegiatan pengolahan

Walaupun tidak ada kaidah-kaidah yang baku dalam penyusunan flowchart, namun ada beberapa anjuran:

1. Hindari pengulangan proses yang tidak perlu dan logika yang berbelit sehingga jalannya proses menjadi singkat
2. Jalannya proses digambarkan dari atas ke bawah dan diberikan tanda panah untuk memperjelas
3. Sebuah flowchart diawali dari satu titik START dan diakhiri dengan END

Pengenalan dan Definisi Flowchart

Pengenalan dan Definisi Flowchart
Flowchart merupakan gambar atau bagan yang memperlihatkan urutan dan hubungan antar proses beserta instruksinya. Gambaran ini dinyatakan dengan symbol. Dengan demikian setiap symbol menggambarkan proses tertentu. Sedangkan antara proses digambarkan dengan garis penghubung.
Dua macam flowchart yang menggambarkan proses dengan komputer, yaitu:
A. System flowchart
Bagan yang memperlihatkan urutan prosedur dan proses dari beberapa file dalam media tertentu.
System flowchart menggambarkan :

1. Hubungan antar suatu file dengan file lainnya
2. Media yang dipakai untuk setiap file.

B. Program flowchart
Bagan yang memperlihatkan urutan dan hubungan proses dalam suatu program.
FLOWCHART (Diagram Alur)

1. Langkah awal pembuatan program
2. Urutan proses di program menjadi lebih jelas

Looping atau Perulangan

Looping adalah proses pengulangan hingga kondisi syarat yang ditentukan tercapai. Ada 3 jenis looping, yaitu  for, while dan repeat.

LOOPING DENGAN FOR
Contoh program :

1: Program ulang_for;
2: var i: Integer;
3: Begin
4:   For i:=1 to 5 do
5:     writeln('ini yang ke ', i);
6: End.

Perhatikan pada baris 4 dan 5. Pada baris tersebut ada satu persyaratan yaitu baris ke 5 akan dieksekusi bila nilai I antara 1 sampai 5, sehingga jika program di Run hasilnya adalah sebagai berikut :

ini yang ke 1
ini yang ke 2
ini yang ke 3
ini yang ke 4
ini yang ke 5

Apabila pernyataan for seperti berikut ini : "For i:=10 downto 1 do". Pernyataan itu akan menghitung mundur dari 10 sampai 1.

LOOPING DENGAN WHILE
Contoh program :

1: Program ULANG_while;
2: var i: Integer;
3: Begin
4:   i:=1;
5:   while i < 5 do
6:   begin
7:     writeln('ini yang ke ', i);
8:     i:=i+1;
9:   end;
10: End.

Apa perbedaan mendasar while dengan for? di while dibutuhkan counter (diprogram ini adalah i). Jadi, baris ke-7 dan 8 akan dieksekusi (dijalankan) apabila nilai i < 5. Coba perhatikan baris ke 6, di sana ada "begin" dan "end;" sebagai pasangannya (dibaris ke 9). Bila ada lebih dari satu pernyataan harus di mulai dengan begin untuk kondisi if, case, looping. Jika tidak hanya baris pertama saja yang dieksekusi.
Jika program tersebut di eksekusi maka bagaimanakah outputnya ?
Berikut adalah outputnya :

ini yang ke 1
ini yang ke 2
ini yang ke 3
ini yang ke 4

Dari listing program diatas apabila baris ke 8 diganti dengan "i:=i-1;" apa yang terjadi? Coba jalankan. Hasilnya aadalah akan terjadi looping terus menerus karena kondisinya memenuhi syarat terus (i selalu kurang dari lima). Tekan control break untuk menghentikannya. Hal inilah yang disebut invinitive loop.

LOOPING DENGAN REPEAT

Contoh program :


1: Program Tutorial3_while;
2: var pilih: char;
3: Begin
4:   i:=1;
5:   repeat
6:     writeln('ini yang ke ',i);
7:     i:=i+1;
8:   until i<0;
9: End.

Apa outputnya? Hasilnya hanya satu (1) yaitu, "ini yang ke 1". Hal ini disebabkan karena pada baris ke 8 tidak memenuhi persyaratan i<0. Memang tidak  memenuhi persyaratan itu, tapi ini adalah keistemewaan repeat. Ia akan mengeksekusi sekali dulu baru dicek persyaratan yang ada dibawah. Gunakan jenis looping yang ada sesuai kebutuhan.

Objectives of Review of Literature

       Objectives of Review of Literature

Written by Yogesh Kumar Sing in Fundamental of Research Methodology and Statistic. New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi.


The review of literature serves the following purposes in conducting research work:
1.  It provides theories, ideas, explanations or hypothesis which may prove useful in the
    formulation of a new problem.
2.  It indicates whether the evidence already available solves the problem adequately without
    requiring further investigation. It avoids the replication.
3.  It provides the sources for hypothesis. The researcher can formulate research hypothesis
    on the basis of available studies.
4.  It suggests method, procedure, sources of data and statistical techniques appropriate to the
    solution of the problem.
5.  It locates comparative data and findings useful in the interpretation and discussion of results.
    The conclusions drawn in the related studies may be significantly compared and may be
    used as the subject for the findings of the study.
6.  It helps in developing experts and general scholarship of the investigator in the area
    investigated.
7.  It contributes towards the accurate knowledge of the evidence or literature in one’s area of
    activity is a good avenue towards making oneself. This knowledge is an asset ever afterwards,
    whether one is employed in an institution of higher learning or a research organization.
Bruce W. Tuckman (1978) has enumerated the following purposes of the review:
1.  Discovering important variable.
2.  Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done.
3.  Synthesizing the available studies to have perspective.
4.  Determining meanings, relevance of the study and relationship with the study and its deviation
    from the available studies.
Edward L. Vockell (1983) has pointed out the following two purposes:
• The main purpose of this review is to put the hypothesis to be examined in the research
    report into its proper context.
• Secondary purposes of this part of the report are to provide readers with guidelines regarding
    where they can look to find more information and to establish the author’s credential by
    letting readers know that the researcher is aware of what has been going on with regard to
    the current and related topics.

Konsep Algoritma

Konsep Algoritma
Penyelesaian permasalahan dengan menggunakan alat bantu sistem komputer paling tidak akan melibatkan lima tahapan, yaitu:

1. Analisis masalah, analisis masalah merupakan langkah paling awal untuk mengetahui lebih jauh tentang permasalahan yang akan diselesaikan dengan menggunakan alat bantu sistem komputer. Langkah ini bertujuan untuk menemukan ide-ide kemungkinan solusi terhadap permasalahan
2. Merancang algoritma, merancang algoritma dilakukan dengan tujuan utama sebagai berikut:

• Menentukan ide solusi
• Menyatakan algoritma
• Memvalidasi algoritma
• Menganalisis algoritma

Pada dasarnya tidak ada aturan yang baku tentang cara menuliskan solusi dalam bentuk algoritma. Namun demikian, agar solusi bentuk algoritma dapat digunakan dengan baik, maka umumnya dapat dinyatakan dalam dua kemungkinan bentuk, yaitu:

1. Bentuk uraian / deskriptif atau pseudocode
2. Bentuk gambar, yaitu menggunakan simbol-simbol grafis dalam bentuk bagan alir (flowchart)

Contoh Pseudocode :
mencari bilangan terbesar dari dua bilangan yang diinputkan
Solusi Pseudo-code :

1. Masukkan bilangan pertama
2. Masukkan bilangan kedua
3. Jika bilangan pertama > bilangan kedua maka kerjakan langkah 4, jika tidak, kerjakan langkah 5.
4. Tampilkan bilangan pertama
5. Tampilkan bilangan kedua

Solusi Algoritma :

1. Masukkan bilangan pertama (a)
2. Masukkan bilangan kedua (b)
3. if a > b then kerjakan langkah 4
4. print a
5. print b

Contoh Flowchart :

3. Membuat program komputer(coding)
4. Menguji hasil program komputer (dbuging)
5. Dokumentasi

Pengertian Algoritma dan Pemrograman

Pengertian Algoritma & Pemrograman
a. Algoritma
Asal  usul  kata  algoritma  dapat  Anda  baca  dalam  buku  “The  Art  of  Computer Programming Second Edition Volume I” yang ditulis oleh Donald E. Knuth (1973, p1- ).

Menurut  Donald  E.  Knuth  (1973,p4),  algoritma  dalam  penger tian  modern mempunyai kemiripan dengan istilah  resep ,  proses, metode, teknik, prosedur, rutin . Algoritma  adalah  sekumpulan  aturan-aturan  berhingga  yang  memberikan  sederetan operasi-operasi untuk menyelesaikan suatu jenis masalah yang khusus. Menurut  Rinaldi  Munir,  algoritma  adalah  urutan  langkah-langkah  logis penyelesaian masalah yang disusun secara sistematis. Berdasarkan dua pengertian algoritma di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa algor itma merupakan suatu istilah yang luas, yang tidak hanya berkaitan dengan dunia komputer.

b. Pemrograman
Pemrograman berasal dar i kata  program  yang diberi awalan pe– dan akhiran –an. Dalam buku ini, program berarti progr am komputer. Pengertian   program   computer menurut John M. Zelle,  Ph.D.  dalam bukunya  yang  berjudul “Python  Programming: An  Introduction to  Computer  Science”  (2002,  p1)  adalah  sekumpulan  instruksi langkah per langkah yang member itahukan mengenai yang harus dilakukan computer secara  tepat.   Pemrograman   adalah  segala  kegiatan  pembuatan  program  computer.

Kemudian  terdapat  pula  istilah   bahasa  pemrograman   yang  berarti  bahasa  yang digunakan dalam pembuatan program komputer. Berdasarkan  pengertian  algoritma  dan  pemrograman,  maka  dapat  dikatakan bahwa  program  merupakan  hasil  penerapan  dari  algoritma- algoritma.

Using Footnotes in A Skripsi/Thesis

      Using Footnotes in A Skripsi/Thesis
 
                                                             Written by Ari Julianto

Different faculty sometimes uses footnotes (catatan kaki) in writing a skripsi or thesis. It is desirable to quote some authoritative views or statements from written works of others in the research report. It may be necessary from various purposes for example to review the related literature,to support to give the rationale for one’s viewpoint.

Each quotation must have a footnote or reference indicating the sources from which it is borrowed. All these sources and authority be acknowledged both for intellectual honesty and for validity of one’s research.

Footnotes serve a number of purposes. They enable the researcher to substantiate his presentation by quotations or citations of other authorities, to give credit to sources of material that he has reported and to provide the reader with specific sources that he may use to verify the authenticity and accuracy of material quoted. The citation or quoted statements are written in single-spaced whereas the text is written double-spaced.

The footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page” and are separated from the text by a three cms horizontal line drawn from the left margin. Footnotes are numbered consecutively within a chapter.

The recent approach is that references are given in the place of footnotes. The reference of quoted material is inserted in parentheses at the end of the sentence. For example, (4 : 72) indicates that the statement refers to the bibliography listing number 4, page 72. Another procedure is that all the references are placed on one page at the end of the chapter in the sequence of quoted statements.

Method of Writing Footnotes
Usually the footnotes are given at bottom of the page at the end of the text according to the number of quotations provided on it. The following examples illustrate the style of writing footnotes:

1. Single author

John W. Best. (1977), ‘Research in Education’ 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc., Englewood Cliff, 84 p.

2. Two authors:

J.H. MC. Grath and D. Gene Wattson (1970), ‘Research Methods and Designs for Education’, Pennsylvania International Text-book Company, 124 p.

It may be noted from the examples of footnotes and bibliography that the author’s last name or surname is written first in bibliography while last name or surname is given in usual way or in the last.

Second difference between these two can be gathered regarding page-total number pages of the book are written in bibliography and specific page number of the book is recorded on the foot-notes where the quotation has been given in the book. In this way eleven types of bibliography have been illustrated in this chapter, with this difference eleven types of footnotes can also be written.

To avoid repetition and making economy of time and space some abbreviations are used in writing the footnotes references. Usually following three types of abbreviations are employed.Ibid–In consecutive reference to the same work the Latin abbreviation Ibid (Indicates same page as earlier footnote), Ibid p. 36 (same work, but a different page 36) is used. Qp. Ci.–When a reference to the same work is not used in consecutive but after some other references, the Latin abbreviation op. cit. (indicates the work already cited in the report).

The surname of the author and op. cit. is used. If the page number of the book is different, in this situation op. cit. and page number along the surname is used. The examples are as follows:
Chaube, op. cit ( the work cited).
Chaube, op. cit. page 48 (the work cited on page 48).
Loc. Ci. – When a second but non-consecutive reference follows, referring to the same work and same page, the Latin abbreviation Loc-cit (previously cited) may be used. The authors surname along Loc. cit must be included. An example is given below:
Chaturvedi, Loc. cit (previously cited on page 48).

(Taken from various sources)

Well, hopefully today's posting will be useful for all of us. Amien.

Pengertian PHPMyAdmin

PHPMyAdmin
Menurut Alexander F.K Sibero (2011:376) phpMyAdmin adalah aplikasi web yang dibuat oleh phpmyadmin.net phpMyAdmin digunakan untuk administrasi database MySQL.

Menurut Bunafit Nugroho (2009:13) phpMyAdmin adalah aplikasi berbasis web yang dibuat dari pemrograman PHP dan diramu dengan JavaScript. phpMyAdmin juga dapat disebut sebagau tools yang berguna untuk mengkases ang ada database MySQL Server dalam bentuk tampilan web. Dengan adanya phpMyAdmin semua pekerjaan menjadi lebih muda, karena tanpa harus mengerti perintah-perintah dasar SQL, kita sudah dapat memanajemen database dan data di dalamnya.

Motivation and inspiration for professionals

Failure usually occurs because of a lack of commitment to future plans. Failure occurs due to a lack of attention to the importance of life planning. Therefore, the plan before the kind of life you want before taking action.

Maybe we can not avoid pain, but we can avoid the suffering caused by pain.

A professional is a person who can still complete the task a good job even though they might not like that job.

If we can love what we are doing, then most likely we will be able to complete the task properly.

Before making changes to things outside us, we must first change the things that are within us.

Without clear objectives, men will lose its potential. Focus on the key objectives of every successful human being.

Your destiny is on your mind. You can imagine a future life, and you will get what you imagine today.

Success is not a long journey undertaken at a time, but a long journey which is the accumulation of many short trips.

If you are not able to decide what you want to do during your life, any work you do will give you success and spiritual satisfaction.

Other people will not always believe your words, but they will always believe what you do.

Pengertian AppServ

AppServ
AppServ adalah sebuah aplikasi yang dapat menjadikan komputer kita menjadi sebuah sebuar server. Kegunaan AppServ ini untuk membuat jaringan lokal sendiri dalam artian kita dapat membuat website secara offline untuk masa coba-coba di komputer sendiri.

Research Design

Research Design

 
Written by Ari Julianto

Before starting a research, the investigator will look for problem, he will read books, journals, research reports and other related literature. Based on this, he will finalise the topic for research.

During this process, he will be in close contact with his guide. As soon as the topic is decided, first task is to decide about design. Research design is a blue print or structure with in which research is conducted. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.

A design is general strategy for conducting a research study. The nature of the hypothesis, the variables involved, and the constraints of the ?real world? all contribute to the selection of design. A design regarding WHAT?, WHERE?, WHEN?, HOW MUCH?, by WHAT? means concerning an inquiry or a research study constitute research design.

Thus, it can be said that research design is an outline of what the researcher will do from writing of objectives, hypotheses and its operational implications to find analysis of data. Research design should be able to convey following :

(a) What is the study about?
(b) Why is the study being made?
(c) Where will the study be carried out?
(d) What type of data is required?
(e) Where can the required data be found?
(f) What periods of time will the study include?
(g) What will be the sample design?
(h) What techniques of data collection will be used?
(i) How will the data be analysed?
(j) In what style will the report be prepared?

Depending upon the types of research the structure of design may vary. Suppose, one is conducting an experimental research, then identification of variables, control of variables, types of experimental design etc. be discussed properly. If someone is conducting qualitative research, then one should stress on understanding of setting, nature of data, holistic approach, selection of participants, inductive data analysis. Thus, according to nature and type of study the components of design will be decided.

In brief, research design must, at least, contain
(a) a clear statement of the research problem;
(b) procedures and techniques to be used for gathering information;
(c) the population to be studied;and
(d) methods to be used in processing and analysing data.

(Taken from various sources)
Hopefully, today's posting will be useful for all of us. Amien.

Quantitative research and qualitative research

In social research there are two main approaches are commonly used, namely quantitative and qualitative approaches. Both have fundamental differences, even to the level of operational research. The fundamental difference between the two methods of research can be identified based on assumptions, significance, approach and role of the researcher.

quantitative research
assumptions
- Social facts have an objective reality.
- Prioritize methods.
- Variables can be identified and their relationship can be measured.
- Ethics, concerned with the views of others.

intent
- Perform generalization.
- Forecasting.
- Describe the cause and effect.

approach
- Starting with the theory and hypotheses.
- Manipulate and control.
- Using formal instruments.
- Experimentation.
- Deductive.
- Analysis of the components.
- Finding consensus norm.
- Reduce the data into a number of indicators.
- Writing reports with abstract language.

role of researcher
- Objective, impartial, and neutral.

qualitative research
assumptions
- Reality is socially shaped, plural and is wholeness.
- Prioritize problem areas.
- Variables are complex, interrelated, and can not be measured.
- EMIC, concerned with a view from the inside.

intent
- Contextualization.
- Interpretation.
- Understand the point of view of research subjects.

approach
- Ended up with a working hypothesis and the theory of basic.
- Looking for emerging and described.
- Researcher as instrument.
- Naturalistic or natural.
- Inductive.
- Finding a pattern.
- Looking for pluralism and complexity.
- Only a few uses indicators numbers.
- Writing descriptively.

role of researcher
- Participation in private.

Ear, nose, tongue, and skin

Ear (hearing aid)
Ears can be grouped into three sections, which are:
a. The outer ear
- Useful ears to receive sound vibrations
- Ear holes used for channel sound vibrations
- Membrane drums are used to vibrate the sound vibrations
- Used oil glands to lubricate the lining so as not to experience dryness and keep the dust.
b. Middle ear
- Air-filled cavity, which is used to balance the air pressure membrane drums so no damage
- The bones of hearing.
c. Middle ear
- Casement ellipse
- Circular aperture
- Three semi-circular canal
- The cochlea.

Nose (smell tool)
In the nose there is a nose sections, namely:
- Mucous cells with nerve endings smell that can be used for moisturizing
- The fine hairs on the tip of smell cells.

Tongue (tentacle)
While on the tongue are the ends of the nerves of taste are grouped to form buds on the tongue and the pupil spreads on the surface of the tongue.
The sensitivity tentacle area are:
- The base of the tongue, especially to taste the bitter taste
- The edge of the tongue, it can taste sour or sour taste
- Tip of the tongue, unable to taste sweet and salty taste
- The middle tongue, the neutral region.

skin
Skin function is:
- To feel the pain (pain)
- To feel hot and cold
- To feel the smooth and rough.

Sepak takraw

Field size sepak takraw
a. field length of 13.42 meters
b. width of 6.10 meters
c. the line thickness should not exceed 3.8 cm, measured from the
d. diameter, 3.8 cm thick
e. quarter-circle number 4 pieces with 91 cm radius
f. quarter-circle is a place to toss the ball to the player who will do football first (service).

Pole
a. the game of sepak takraw two poles needed to install the net
b. height 1.55 meters
c. cross-section of 3.8 cm pole
d. pole spacing with 31 cm side line.

Net or net
a. nets made of hemp, nylon, or other materials that allow
b. net hole size from 4 to 5.3 cm
c. width of 0.72 meters
d. length of 6.71 meters
e. installing nets or net height 1.55 meters.

Ball
a. wicker ball
b. circle the ball no less 41 cm and should not exceed 43 cm
c. ball hole number 12 (twelve)
d. weighed prior to use at least 160 grams and not more than 180 grams.

Player
a. sepak takraw game played by two teams, each team of three people
b. a rear position called tekong
c. two people from each team are called forward who plays on the right and left of the so-called wedge right and left wedge.

Substitutions
a. substitutions are allowed only at the request of the team manager
b. each team may substitute players only once.

The basic technique in playing sepak takraw
a. football sila, which is done by using inside leg
b. football horse, escorted the ball using the instep
c. kick lever, the ball guarded by means of toes
d. soccer ball feet are guarded by using your feet.

First, throw and kick:
a. toss conducted by the wedge
b. Football first made by tekong.

Football first done in the following ways:
a. first football freestyle
b. first football tight and sharp
c. early high kick to the back
d. Football first, close to the front
e. first corner kick
f. Football first oblique.

Note:
a. value for victory number 15, number 15 team that won first is a win
b. right to play the ball, each team is 3 times
c. elements in the play the ball, are:
- Football first
- Delivery (feed)
- Rejaman (smesh).

Historical development of religion in Indonesia hindu and buddha

Hinduism began to develop around the year 1500 AD Supporters of Hindu culture is Aryan and Dravidian. Aryan Nations is a nation of immigrants from Central Asia. Dravidian Nation is a native of India. Buddhism was first introduced by Siddharta Gautama.

Several issues related to Hindu-Buddhist
Hinduism and Buddhism have several important characteristics. Here are some of them:
a. Hinduism
Syncretism or the fusion of cultures between Aryan and Dravidian beliefs have spawned Hinduism. Aryan and Dravidian have similarities in terms of confidence. Both nations believe there are many gods (polytheism). Therefore, the confidence to believe that some Hindu gods. In general, the gods of the Hindu religion is closely related to the forces of nature.
Hindu scriptures are regarded as the oldest books are the Vedas. In addition to the Vedas, there is also a book of Brahmins and the Upanishads.

b. Buddhism
Sidharta Gautama Buddha or Buddhism spread first in the Deer Park, Village Sarmath, India. Buddha's teachings gradually received from the common people because it does not recognize caste. Buddhist teachings based on the scriptures Tripitaka (three baskets).
Principles of Buddhism include three things, namely how to eliminate karma, break the cycle of samsara, and attain nirvana. Furthermore, Buddhism is divided into two major streams that flow Hinayana and Mahayana.

Pengertian Dreamweaver

Dreamweaver
Menurut Alexander F.K Sibero (2011:384) Dreamweaver adalah suatu produk Web Developer yang dikembangkan oleh Adobe Systems Inc., sebelumnya produk Dreamweaver dikembangkan oleh Macromedia Inc. yang kemudian sampai saat ini pengembangannya diteruskan oleh Adobe Systems Inc.,  Setelah diambil alih oleh Adobe System Inc., Dreamweaver dikembangkan dan dirilis dengan kode nama Creative Suite (CS).

What Can Be Compared in Educational Research

What Can Be Compared in Educational Research

Written by Mark Bray et al in Comparative Education Research Approaches and Methods. Comparative Education Research Centre.2007.

Today's posting discusses about the topic for comparison study. In educational research for comparison study, some fields can be chosen as your topic in proposal of thesis or skripsi. The fields below are the most common comparing fields that can be your own topic.

1. Comparing Places
Comparative education analyses have traditionally focused on geographic entities as the unit of comparison.

2. Comparing System
A great deal of comparative education research has focused on systems of education. Sometimes, however, this focus has been implicit rather than explicit, and the units of analysis have not always been clearly defined.

3. Comparing Culture
Life in schools and classrooms is an aspect of our wider society, not separate from it: a culture does not stop at the school gates.

4. Comparing Educational Achievements
Comparing achievement implies that there is a common understanding on the nature the subject(s) being compared. It also assumes that comparable groups of students or schools are being compared.

5. Comparing Policies
The word policy is commonly used in government documents, academic writings and daily conversations. However, the nature of policy and the ways in which it can be researched, interpreted and produced are open to debate. The literature that might assist in this matter is diverse, divided and to some extent inconclusive.

6. Comparing Curricula
Many stakeholders in education undertake comparisons of curricula.Governments increasingly compare their states’ curricula with overseas models when searching for new initiatives and when attempting to enhance
international competitiveness; parents compare the offerings of schools in order to choose suitable institutions for their children; students look at the range of courses available when they select electives; and all parties except possibly the pupils make comparisons between current curricula and those which operated in earlier historical periods.

7. Comparing Ways of Learning
Students' way of learning keeps improving. It may be the best hope to provide the basis for developing training programmes suitable for improving the quality of learning outcomes in different cultures.

8. Comparing Pedagogical Innovations
Innovation seems to be a constant – and necessary – theme in education. In the contemporary era, a common underlying rationale is that changes in education of all levels and types are necessary to prepare citizens for life in the knowledge society, which is characterised by increasing globalisation,progressively shorter half-lives of knowledge, the increasing importance of knowledge creation in sustaining development, and economic competitiveness which requires increased collaboration in the workplace.

Instrumentation

           Instrumentation

Written by Jack R. Fraenkel and Norman E. Wallen in How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. McGraw-Hill.2009

A. INSTRUMENTATION
The term instrumentation refers to the entire process of collecting data in a research investigation.

B. WAYS TO CLASSIFY INSTRUMENTS
Research instruments can be classified in many ways. Some of the more common are in  terms  of  who  provides  the  data,  the  method  of  data  collection,  who  collects  the data, and what kind of response they require from the subjects. Research data are obtained by directly or indirectly assessing the subjects of a study. Self-report data are provided by the subjects of a study themselves. Informant data are provided by other people about the subjects of a study.

C. TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
There are many types of researcher-completed instruments. Some of the more commonly  used  are  rating  scales,  interview  schedules,  observation  forms,  tally  sheets, flowcharts,  performance  checklists,  anecdotal  records,  and  time-and-motion  logs. Many types of instruments are completed by the subjects of a study rather than the researcher.  Some  of  the  more  commonly  used  of  this  type  are  questionnaires;  self-checklists;  attitude  scales;  personality  inventories;  achievement,  aptitude,  and  performance tests; and projective and sociometric devices.

The types of items or questions used in subject-completed instruments can take many forms, but they all can be classified as either selection or supply items. Examples of selection items include true-false items, multiple-choice items, matching items, and interpretive  exercises.  Examples  of  supply  items  include  short-answer  items  and essay questions. An excellent source for locating already available tests is the ERIC database. Unobtrusive measures require no intrusion into the normal course of affairs.

D. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
An  important  consideration  in  the  choice  of  a  research  instrument  is  validity:  the extent  to  which  results  from  it  permit  researchers  to  draw  warranted  conclusions about the characteristics of the individuals studied. A reliable instrument is one that gives consistent results.

E. OBJECTIVITY AND USABILITY
Whenever possible, researchers try to eliminate subjectivity from the judgments they make about the achievement, performance, or characteristics of subjects. An  important  consideration  for  any  researcher  in  choosing  or  designing  an  instrument is its ease of use.

Pengertian Apache

Apache
Server HTTP Apache atau Server Web/WWW Apache adalah server web yang dapat dijalankan di banyak sistem operasi (Unix, BSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows dan Novell Netware serta platform lainnya) yang berguna untuk melayani dan memfungsikan situs web. Protokol yang digunakan untuk melayani fasilitas web/www ini menggunakan HTTP.

Apache memiliki fitur-fitur canggih seperti pesan kesalahan yang dapat dikonfigurasi, autentikasi berbasis basis data dan lain-lain. Apache juga didukung oleh sejumlah antarmuka pengguna berbasis grafik (GUI) yang memungkinkan penanganan server menjadi mudah.

Apache merupakan perangkat lunak sumber terbuka dikembangkan oleh komunitas terbuka yang terdiri dari pengembang-pengembang di bawah naungan Apache Software Foundation.

Utilization of fisheries resources

Utilization of fisheries resources is often done with fishing and cultivation of marine organisms. Fishing effort, and environmentally sound cultivation should pay attention to conservation and sustainability. Fishing effort with environmental damage done with no other habitats, such as avoiding the use of trawling and blast fishing. The use of trawling in addition to the big fish, small fish caught, too. If the small fish caught then follow the reproductive cycle will cut some fish species. Eventually, it will lead to some particular fish species become extinct. So is the use of fish bombs will kill living creatures in the sea and also damage coral reefs. Coral reefs are a haven for marine wildlife, where to find food for the creatures living in the sea, breeding grounds, where custody and disguises variety of prey species of marine life such as shrimp, crabs, oysters, and squid.

Overfishing (overfishing) will disrupt the ecological balance of the sea. Overfishing can be prevented by performing marine aquaculture. It is time we make fish farming is no longer just rely on fish catches. Centuries ago, the people living along the coast, especially the northern coast of Java, Sumatra northeastern and southwestern Sulawesi developed a way to grow milkfish and shrimp ponds which became known as the pond. Ponds dug near the land border which is usually in the form of mangrove forests, made ​​by first making the ducts that carry brackish water wiggler, juveniles, and natural food substances can enter the pond. In addition, the tide can come in through those channels. Channel also serves as a disposal for fish and shrimp need a fresh water laur. Pond system with a traditional pond.

Pengertian JavaScript

JavaScript
Menurut Aloysius Sigit W. (2011:1) JavaScript merupakan bahasa Scripting yang bekerja disisi Client/Browser sehingga website bisa lebih interaktif.

JavaScript adalah bahasa skrip yang populer di internet dan dapat bekerja di sebagian besar penjelajah web populer seperti Internet Explorer (IE), Mozilla Firefox, Netscape dan Opera. Kode JavaScript dapat disisipkan dalam halaman web menggunakan tag script.

Research with quantitative and qualitative approaches

quantitative approach
In the quantitative approach, researchers collected data that can be measured quantitatively (with numbers or statistics), such as occupation, education level, income, attitudes, and actions are measured. Quantitative research is based on the paradigm of positivism logico-hypothecoverrifikatif the empirical assumption that objects can be observed and measured.

Things that become assumptions of quantitative research is as follows:
a. Objects or phenomena can be classified according to the nature, type, structure, and form.
b. The existence of causality (causality) and mutual influence (correlation) of each of the phenomena occurring in the community. Quantitative approaches typically use two variables, ie variable (affected) and the independent variables (affecting).
c. One symptom will not experience significant changes in a specified period. If the symptoms tend to be constantly changing, it is difficult to apply a quantitative approach.

A qualitative approach
Qualitative approaches the quality of data. Therefore, the data collection techniques used in-depth interviews and a lot of sustained, direct observation, and other techniques. Qualitative research usually involves a limited scope and require a long execution time.

Some characteristics of qualitative research is as follows:
a. The research fair conducted in a natural social setting.
b. Researchers themselves are the primary data collection tool.
c. Very rich with descriptions and in-depth descriptions.
d. Prevalent examines the processes that occur.
e. Using inductive analysis.
f. The meaning behind human behavior and attitude are the main aspects that should be explored.
g. Usually set certain criteria for the research object or informants.

Definition of social research and social research purposes

What is research? In this regard, the opinion of a number of sociologists can be cited as follows:
a. Burhan Bungin. Research is a knowledge system that has an important role in building and developing the science itself.
b. Marzuki. The study is an attempt to collect, search, and analyze the facts of a matter.
c. Soerjono Soekanto. Research is the process of revealing the truth that is based on the use of the basic concepts are well known in the science.
d. Seotrisno Hadi. The study is an attempt to find something to fill the void or lack, develop and expand and dig deeper into what already exists, and to test the truth of what is out there, but it is still doubtful.
e. Supranto. Research from the field of science is an activity undertaken to obtain facts or principles patiently, carefully and systematically.

In general, the purpose of the study is as follows:
a. Find something (knowledge) is new in a particular field.
b. Testing the truth of something (knowledge) in the field who have been there.
c. Developing something (knowledge) in the field who have been there.
d. Writing scientific papers such as create theses, theses, and dissertations.

Talking about social research means directing research activities to investigate and understand the facts, symptoms, and social problems that exist in society. It was based on the approach, procedures, theories, concepts, and instruments that are available in the building of a social science (sociology).

Standard monetary system

Monetary standard is a monetary system based on the standard of value for money, including the regulation of the characteristics or attributes of money, an agreement on the amount of money in circulation (both metal and paper), the export-import bank precious metals as well as facilities in conjunction with demand deposits (savings which can be taken at any time).
Standard of money is divided into two kinds, namely:1. Standard paper, is the financial system in which paper money acts as a medium of exchange or a legal tender and infinite, but is not redeemable for gold and silver in circulation bank2. Standard metal (Metalisme).
Standard metal (Metalisme) is divided into two, namely:a. Monometalisme (a metal), comprising: a single standard, which is a country uses its standard form of one piece of precious metal, gold can be as well as silver.b. Bimetallism: two metals, such as:1. Standard twin, is the standard currency using the two precious metals (gold and silver) jointly as standard money. In this standard will apply two kinds of comparisons of gold and silver, which are:- Comparison according to the government, in the form of cash- Comparison according to the market, in the form of gold bullion.
2. standard parallel, is the standard currency using the two precious metals (gold and silver) jointly as standard money, but the comparison is valid only one kind that is according to the market alone.3. limping standard, is the standard currency using gold and silver as standard money as a means to pay.
If a country uses a standard twin or bimetallism, then the country will apply Gresham's Law, which reads: "bad money will drive good money out of circulation".
Terms enactment of Gresham's Law:1) state that uses a standard twin2) Central Bank traded precious metals in the form of gold or silver3) People are given the freedom to forge and melt the gold and silver4) Comparison of gold and silver by the government and different markets.

definition of natural resources and the types of natural resources

Natural resources include all the natural resources, whether in the form of living things and inanimate objects, which are in the earth and can be used to meet human needs. Different types of natural resources found in the earth. Of the various types of natural resources contained in the earth can be classified according to certain criteria.
Natural resource is anything that can be obtained from the environment for human purposes. Some natural resources such as air and edible plants can be obtained directly, but other natural resources such as petroleum, iron, fish, and game can not be obtained immediately. These new goods into human resources after using the knowledge and technology to find, process, and convert it into a form that can be utilized.
Types of natural resourcesAvailable natural resources of the earth have different properties in the process of formation. Natural resources can be classified based on the nature, the process of formation, and its value.
a. Natural resources by its nature, can be divided into the following:1. natural resources that can be updated, which has the characteristics of:- Can be updated means it can be replaced with a new- Usually in the form of natural resources biotic (living things) that can breed- Natural resources and renewable plant-based resources called the vegetable- Natural resources that can be updated and come from animals is called animal resources
2. natural resources that can not be updated, have the characteristics:- Natural resources usually inanimate (abiotic) and so can not be used continuously and will run- Natural resources are usually in the form of mining and minerals in the earth
3. natural resources are always available, has the characteristics of:- An important factor for the survival of humans and other living things- This resource consists of air and sunlight
b. Natural resources based on the process of formation, divided into the following:1. physical resources, a resource that is formed by physical processes and forces of nature. Examples of minerals, minerals, soil, and water.2. biotic resources, is a natural resource that is formed by life processes such as growth and proliferation. Examples of animals and plants.3. natural environmental resources, a resource mix of physical and biotic resources that make up a particular environment. Embodiment of natural environmental resources is a panorama of nature, such as panorama of mountains, valleys, beaches, and the panorama below sea level.
c. Natural resources in terms of valueAccording to the value, natural resources are grouped into the following:1. economic resource, a resource that is needed to get the cost. Natural resources with high economic value of precious metals for example. The economic value of natural resources is low, for example, sand and limestone.2. non-economic resource, a resource that does not cost money to get it, such as air, heat and sunlight.

Pengertian jQuery

jQuery
Menurut Aloysius Sigit W. (2011:1) jQuery adalah librari atau kumpulan kode JavaScript siap pakai. Keunggulan menggunakan jQuery dibandingkan dengan JavaScript standar, yaitu menyederhanakan kode JavaScript dengan cara memanggil fungsi-fungsi yang disediakan oleh jQuery. JavaScript sendiri merupakan bahasa Scripting yang bekerja disisi Client/Browser sehingga website bisa lebih interaktif.

Menurut Alexander F.K Sibero (2011:218) jQuery adalah salah satu javascript framework terbaik saat ini. jQuery dikembangkan oleh John Resig pada tahun 2006 di BarCamp NYC. Pada awal perkembangannya, jQuery pertama dibuat untuk meringkas penggunaan CSS Selector dalam suatu pustaka fungsi. jQuery memiliki ciri khas pada penggunaan perintahnya, prefix untuk jQuery dengan tanda $ kemudian dilanjutkan dengan fungsi atau perintah.

Pengertian MySQL

MySQL
Menurut Antonius Nugraha Widhi Pratama (2010:10) MySQL adalah suatu sistem managemen basis data relasional (RDBMS-Relational Database Management System) yang mampu bekerja dengan cepat, kokoh dan mudah digunakan.

Menurut Wahana Komputer (2010:5) MySQL merupakan program database yang mampu mengirim dan menerima data dengan sangat cepat dan multi user.
MySQL pertama kali dirintis oleh seorang programer database bernama Michael Widenius. Selain MySQL ada beberapa program database server lain yang menggunakan standar query berupa SQL, antara lain adalah:

1. Oracle
2. PostgreSQL
3. MySQL front
4. MySQL
5. SQL Server 97

 MySQL adalah sebuah database server, dapat juga berperan sebagai client sehingga sering disebut database client/server, yang open source dengan kemampuan dapat berjalan baik di OS (Operating Sistem) manapun, dengan Platform Windows maupun Linux.

Pengertian PHP

PHP
Menurut Antonius Nugraha Widhi Pratama (2010:9) PHP adalah kependekan dari Pretext Hyper-Processor yang dibagun oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pada tahun 1994. Dahulu, pada awal pengembangannya PHP disebut sebagai kependekan dari Personal Home Page. PHP merupakan produk open source sehingga kita dapat mengakses source code, menggunakan, dan mengubahnya tanpa harus membayar sepeserpun.

PHP adalah bahasa scripting yang menyatu dengan HTML dan dijalankan pada server side. Artinya semua sintaks yang kita berikan akan sepenuhnya dijalankan pada server sedangkan yang dikirimkan ke browser hanya hasilnyasaja. PHP menyatu dengan bahasa HTML untuk membuat halaman web yang menarik. PHP mampu berjalan di atas beberapa platfrom seperti Windows, Unix serta varian Linux. Beberapa kelebihan PHP antara lain dapat membuat situs yang interaktif dengan forum diskusi, guestbook dan sebagainya, koneksitas yang baik dengan bermacam-macam database seperti Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL dan lain-lain.

Kode PHP diawali dengan tag <? atau <?php dan ditutup dengan tag ?>. File yang berisi tag HTML dan kode PHP diberi ekstensi. Berdasarkan ekstensi ini, pada saat file diakses, server akan tahu bahwa file tersebut mengandung kode PHP. Server akan menerjemahkan kode dan menghasilkan output dalam bentuk tag HTML yang akan dikirim ke browser klien yang mengakses file tersebut.
Contoh skrip PHP:
    <?php
    echo “ini contoh skrip PHP”;
    ?>
Ketika skrip tersebut dijalankan di server, server akan mengembalikan ke browser klien dalam bentuk tag HTML. Sehingga ketika dilihat hasilnya di browser menggunakan menu view source, hasilnya adalah sebagi berikut:
    <HTML>
    <BODY>ini contoh skrip PHP</BODY>
    </HTML>
Dalam menuliskan script atau program PHP, ada dua cara yang sering digunakan, yaitu embedded script dan non-embedded script. Embedded script yaitu menuliskan script PHP di antara tag-tag HTML. Sedangkan non-embedded script merupakan pembuatan program murni PHP, di mana tag-tag HTML yang diletakkan di dalam script PHP. Spasi tidak berpengaruh pada penulisan baris perintah PHP. Untuk penulisan fungsi-fungsi, PHP tidak membedakan antara huruf kecil dan huruf besar. Contoh perintah ‘echo’ sama dengan perintah ‘ECHO’ atau ‘Echo’.

environmental pollution

Without realizing human activities in meeting their needs sometimes in utilizing and managing the environment less attention to the balance of nature, as well as the development of science and technology that enable people to make ends meet may result in environmental changes and even damage to the environment. The human actions that could cause environmental damage, including logging, residential development, urbanization, and agricultural intensification (use of excessive fertilizers and pesticides). While change and environmental damage caused by natural disasters.

Human activities in meeting their needs may cause pollution or contamination of the surrounding environment. Pollution or contamination means the entry or introduction of living things, the substance of energy, and or other components into the environment, or change the order of the environment by human activities or natural processes so that environmental quality decreases to a certain level that causes the environment to be lacking or may not work again according to function. Substances or materials that could cause pollution are called pollutants. The main requirement of a substance called when the presence of pollutants can cause harm to living beings.

The nature of the pollutants are:
a. Damaging for a while, but when it reacts with substances in the environment does not break again.
b. Damaging in the long term. For example, Pb does not damage when low concentrations. However, in the long term, Pb can accumulate in the body to damaging levels.

The characteristics of pollutants are:
a. Amount exceeds the normal threshold
b. Environmentally destructive
c. Reduce the function of the component
d. Hazardous and toxic to the environment component
e. Causes of death in living things.

Pengertian Internet

Internet
Menurut Alexander F.K Sibero (2011:10) Internet (kependekan dari interconnection-networking) adalah jaringan komputer yang menghubungkan antara jaringan secara global, internet dapat juga disebut jaringan dalam suatu jaringan yang luas. Seperti halnya jaringan komputer lokal maupun jaringan komputer area, internet juga menggunakan protokol komunikasi yang sama yaitu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

water pollution

Pollution of water impact, for example, can poison drinking water, poisoned pet food, river and lake ecosystem imbalance and destruction caused by acid rain. In bodies of water, rivers and lakes, nitrogen, and phosphate (from agricultural activities) has led to the growth of aquatic plants that are out of control (excessive eutrophication).

Water pollution can occur in rivers, lakes and the ocean, caused by pollutants:
1. Organic waste. Human activities such as drinking, cooking and washing which is household waste (domestic waste) containing 95% - 99% of organic waste. Organic waste is a source of food for bacteria disease. In aerobic conditions spoilage bacteria break down organic material so that oxygen is reduced. The use of oxygen by bacterial decay in the water known as the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). BOD value should not be less than 3 ppm.
2. Inorganic waste. Industrial wastes such as toxic metals such as mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd).
3. Fertilizers. Excessive use of fertilizers can lead to water pollution, such as eutrophication, which is the process of fertilization of the waters due to discharge of organic matter and fertilizer into the water so that the water plants to grow out of control.
4. Pesticides. Pesticides are toxic chemicals that are used by humans to control pests and diseases. Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and rodenticides. Pesticides are very difficult biodegradable or broken down by microorganisms, so that its toxic nature long lived in the environment. This causes toxins to enter the food chain primarily insectivorous animals. Biological magnification (biological accumulation) is the process of accumulation of pesticides in the bodies of living things, such as the accumulation of DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane) levels are at a high level of consumer trophic levels.

Utilization of Human Resources (HR)

Indonesia with a population of approximately 210 million people, is a very large HR reserve. The challenge for the nation and the government to be able to prepare HR really deserves to be accepted in the world of work or business. In the utilization of human resources, the problems still faced by the nation of Indonesia is as follows:
1. quality of human resources is still largely low or less ready to enter the working world or the business world
2. the limited number of jobs
3. amount of unemployment is high.

Quality of human resources here not only in the form of science and technology alone, but must be balanced with the quality of the foundation of religious faith and piety are strong, so well in running social role status as civil servants or private employees, government officials, security forces and enforcement law is not misused for things that are enriching themselves and detrimental to the interests of others.

Recognizing the many problems faced by HR about this nation, the government should continue to try to find a way out, among others, in the following way:
1. improve the quality of education through the National Education legislation, including through the application of competency based curriculum and attention equal proportion, so hopefully after completing their education students are really ready to enter the working world or the business world with good quality
2. implement projects that are labor intensive
3. create jobs, among others by creating a conducive investment climate so that more investors are willing or interested in doing business in our country
4. encourage the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by providing an attractive credit facilities and others.

Nonagricultural

Besides agriculture, the population is also much in the field of non-agricultural livelihood. Natural resources available in a region populated affect livelihoods. Examples of forest and marine resources. Residents take advantage of these resources for livelihood. Other non-farm activities the livelihoods of residents, among others in the fields of mining, industry, trade and services.

a. Mining
Mining is an activity that involves making and preparation for further processing of solid, liquid, and gas. Activities in mining activities include excavation, dredging, and suctioning. The purpose of this activity is to take a solid, liquid, and gas in it. Terms mining area that can be used is as follows.
1. area should have enough supplies mining
2. existing minerals have good quality
3. using appropriate cost of extracting, processing, and transportation of mining products.

b. Industry
Industry was an attempt to process the raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods. Industry was needed the right location to grow and thrive. In general, the location of industries affected by physical factors as well as economic and human factors. Physical factors are land, raw materials and energy sources. Economic and human factors that affect the location of industries are capital, labor, transportation, markets, and government.

c. Trade and services
Trading activity includes the distribution of product or environmental management outcomes. Trade is the buying and selling of goods between producers (producer goods) and consumer (buyer). Broadly speaking, trading grouped as follows.
1. Domestic trade
Domestic trade is the buying and selling activities are conducted within the country. Domestic trade can be divided into two, namely the inter-regional trade and inter-island trade is called interinsuler.
2. Foreign trade
Foreign trade is a trade that is conducted between country to country. Foreign trade is generally divided into two kinds, namely export and import trade.

Economic motives

In general, the economic activity because of the encouragement to make ends meet. In addition, there are other reasons why people engage in economic activities, there are even more zealous than others do. Any action taken in an attempt to meet the needs of human beings are usually driven by specific reasons, such as the following:
1. a farmer will strive to maintain that paddy yields a maximum
2. a merchant to give good service, give a gift subscription to the buyer in order to become permanent
3. A student will study hard and diligently in order to be a champion.

Based on the above problems, it can be concluded that any action, activity or person's actions are always motivated by a desire. The reasons that drive people to act or deed called motifs.

Economic motives in a variety of human activities
Economic motives, ie any rhyme or reason that a person or entity acts or economic action.
The motive may arise from:
a. The motive for subsistence
motive for subsistence is the motive of every human person. In another sense, the motive here means every encouragement to meet the growing needs of the self.

b. The motive for profit
motive or impulse is a natural thing for businessmen and other traders to gain huge profits, and can further expand their business.

c. The motive for the award
but to make a profit, people are also trying to be more appreciated an honored.

d. Motives for power
economic activities in this person or entrepreneur who has had a strong position to start is intended to hold economic power.

e. Social motives
in this case, a person's economic activity not only for its own sake, but is also used for public or social interest.

f. Motive to engage in politics
in this case, a person's economic activity is no longer directed to achieve prosperity, but it is used as capital to plunge into the world of politics.

Tujuan Perancangan Sistem Informasi

Tujuan Perancangan Sistem Informasi
Tujuan utama perancangan sistem adalah :

1. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan para pemakai sistem
2. Untuk memberi gambaran yang jelas dan rancang bangun yang lengkap kepada programmer.

Kedua tujuan ini jelas berfokus pada perancangan atau desain sistem yang terinci yaitu pembuatan rancang bangun yang jelas dan lengkap yang nantinya digunakan untuk pembuatan program komputer.

Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, seorang analisis sistem harus dapat mencapai sasaran–sasaran sebagai berikut :

1. Desain sistem harus bermamfaat, mudah dipahami dan nantinya mudah digunakan ini berarti bahwa data harus mudah diperolah, metode-metode harus mudah diterapkan dan informasi harus mudah dihasilkan dan mudah dipahami.
2. Desain sistem harus mendukung tujuan utama perusahaan/instansi.
3. Perencanaan sistem harus efektif dan efesien untuk dapat mendukung keputusan yang akan diambil oleh pimpinan, termasuk tugas-tugas lainnya yang tidak dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer.
4. Perancangan sistem harus dapat mempersiapkan rancangan bangun yang terinci untuk masing-masing komponen dari sistem informasi yang meliputi data dan informasi, simpanan data, metode-metode, prosedur-prosedur, orang-orang, perangkat keras, perangkat lunak dan pengendalian sistem.

Know the music and songs in Asia

Music in the western world, asia, or Indonesia in its development will follow the times. Similarly, music and song repertoire in asia also made diverse wealth of music and song in asia.

Asia is rich in traditional music is often a source of inspiration for Western music in the twentieth century. The character of the music and songs in asia, whether traditional or modern originated from the tradition that exists in every culture.

Traditional elements, such as the use of traditional musical instruments and musical language of people who have it. Characters that can be used as the characteristic is as follows:
1. tagging system
2. vocal technique
3. function in society
4. manner of presentation.

The characters do not know of any traditional music diatonic scales and solmisasi. The traditional music of its monophonic (single voice or a single voice and knows no harmony) as europe, there are homofonik (similar sounds) like Arabic. The dominance of the diatonic scales in China, Indonesia, and Japan.

Vocal techniques that we can feel like a character in china, japan, Indonesia. Examples of Arabic songs for voice, typical of the nasal, the song in Japan is also the hallmark of a suppressed voice. Tune in india too nasally but different from Arabic. Songs in Java is also different in china.

Function in society also vary, for example, the functions for rituals, entertainment, ceremonies, education, accompaniment, beauty, etc.. Gamelan music with the piece "kebo demand" for meeting temanten men and women. Music in Indonesia as a function of religious rituals such as praise the gods in order to harvest and a great life.

Presentation also be categorized differently, because usually in their respective functions. But in general the presentation is simple. Presentation of the stage also there are different indoors and outdoors. Sample the music of laos dominated by "Khacu" (bamboo music). The music group consists mainly of singers (mor lam) and Khaen player (mor Khaen) and fiddle players and players of other instruments. Lam is a popular saravane of music but in laos ethnic lao in Thailand have developed a mor lam to be an international best selling.

Besides music or folk songs in asia also developing modern music. Brings the influence of western music and new developments for modern music in asia. Such scales (solmisasi) and written notation system (transcription).

The influence of western music, especially the U.S. and Europe for music in asia pretty big. The effect can be seen in the musical style and the use of his instrument. Modern music that developed in asia is a collaboration between elements of western and eastern music. It can diamatai of scales that appear in the lives of people in asia are pentatonic and diatonic scales, such as the rapidly growing hybrid music in Java.

Traditional music in Asia is not much different from the music in neighboring countries such as the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Laos, Korea, and so on. Music that they have not separated the functions in the community.

Appreciate the song in Asia and beyond

Characteristics of the songs and music of each country in Asia is very different. Differences diverse musical repertoire in Asia makes a very rich and diverse.

The difference can be seen from the differences in vocal and instrument use. Differences on how to sing vocal, for example singing Chinese songs will be different with the song mandarin. The difference lies in how to use the tools, materials song, way, music equipment and materials.

In music in Asia using traditional musical instruments, such as tabla, fiddle, zither, gamelan and angklung. In modern music mencanegara instrument, such as guitar, piano, bass, violin, keyboard, and so on.

Broadly speaking, the development of music in Asia is influenced by western music (overseas). As the emergence of band groups today. Even the music was used as keroncong, harp, tambourine, opera is the influence of the western (international).

Characterizes traditional music in Asia. Therefore lestarikanlah musical traditions that our children and grandchildren can enjoy them later as the legacy of his ancestors.

How wise and prudent is to appreciate the tradition of musical works. Appreciation is appreciation, assessment in the form of aesthetic experience as a collection of traditional music, traditional music, and shew forth.

Results appreciate is able to enjoy music, playing musical instruments, enjoying music with a sense of aesthetics.

Foreign songs which have unique characteristics make man gave an appreciative attitude different, as follows:
1. Musician
Works of Western music are generally made by a composer with a specific intent which use beams notation to be played by the player. The process of making the music work is done individually (personal).
Appreciative attitude can be shown to be a composer. Composers can be interpreted as a composer. In this case the composer is a person who is active in music.

2. Songwriter
Appreciative attitude songwriter shows active in music. Intended as a songwriter can hold someone, not making something new with existing materials.
The process of creating a song is something that is difficult to do because we have to be creative, full of new ideas and talented in music and song.

3. Player
Players in the song and the music is a form of appreciative attitude. Music player means that people who play or played a musical instrument.
Player in the orchestra had no difficulty in techniques play an instrument, because the players have the ability to balance.
In playing a musical instrument players can learn from music teachers or self-taught. Players who are gifted and talented, of course will be different in terms of quality.

4. Connoisseurs
Connoisseurs of music is a form or a form of passive appreciative attitude. Connoisseurs of the song is a passive listener or do not participate in the show. They played through the appreciation and art criticism.

Geographic information from maps, atlases, and globes

Maps, atlases, and globes is an invaluable tool for geographic information of the appearance of the face of the earth. Each of these tools provide different geographical.

Geographic information from maps
Maps can provide geographic information as follows:
a. The title of the map provides an overview of the content of the map
b. Map sheet number serves to indicate the serial number of the map making it easier to search the pages of maps in the vicinity
c. Administrative index number indicates the serial number of the part of the mapped area
d. Handy map index number for the location of an object or area that is read to the surrounding area
e. Tata in the form of latitude and longitude coordinates are used to locate specific objects on the map
f. Latitude is used to determine climate type on earth
g. Longitude used to determine the local time
h. Map source, years of data, and map maker can give confidence about the actuality of the data on the map
i. Legend can provide information about the distribution landscape and culture contained in the map.

Geographic information from atlas
Atlas can provide geographic information as follows:
a. Table of contents gives an overview of the types of questions listed
b. Tata in the form of latitude and longitude coordinates are used to determine the position of an object
c. The index was used to find the location of an object based on the serial number and layout map coordinates.

Geographic information of the globe
Globe can provide geographic information as follows:
a. Tata in the form of latitude and longitude coordinates are used to determine the position of an object
b. Longitude used to determine the local standard time
c. Used to determine the latitude climate type on earth
d. Demonstrating the direction of rotation of the earth that resulted in the day and night.

Human beings are social and moral economy

Humans by nature are individual beings, social beings, and beings economy. As social beings, humans can not live alone and depend on others. Since I was in the womb, babies need love, food and drink provided by the mother. When it was born, the baby is not able to do anything is to meet their needs also enlist the help of others around him. When people get older, it turns out she can not live alone. Humans need other people in his life. A farmer working in the fields, he can produce food, but a farmer also need a tailor to meet their needs for clothing. Likewise, the other human, need each other so we need to work together to meet their needs.

Besides as social beings, humans also are economic creatures. As economic beings, humans are creatures in meeting the needs of always considering the sacrifices and benefits of its actions. The characteristics of human beings as the economy is as follows:
1. properties are never satisfied
2. many wants and needs
3. always consider the tradeoffs and benefits of their actions.

Associated with human traits above, it is important to realize that human beings as individuals as well as social and economic beings in order to meet the various needs of life must always adhere to the social norms and religious requirements. The norms are very important for the survival of civilized human life and religion. For Indonesia, which most people are very religious and still uphold the values ​​of good manners, assume that religious norms and social norms are tools to control the freedom of the individual for the sake of public order. In addition, social norms and values ​​are also used as the basis of religion or in the grip of its people cooperate to make ends meet and achieve common prosperity.